Early Philippine Life and Hegemony in Bienvenido N. Santos’s The Volcano: A Cultural Studies Reading

This article critically explores the lessons learned from previous colonizers, Spaniards, which were taken into account by new Americans, as depicted in Bienvenido N. Santos’s The Volcano. Reforms are not solely enforced Americans but also elite Filipinos, and these native elites groomed to control local populace while enjoying societal privileges. Using qualitative research descriptive-analytical method, this centers on hegemonic practices employed American colonizers during their occupation Philippines. institute reforms institutional structures prepare Filipinos journey self-government. Hegemonic refer dominant group build an alliance with subordinate through force consent. In conclusion, most see that subservience creates perpetuates unequal power relations. Such effects do pass unnoticed because of powerless experience exploitation marginalization.